Cruciferous vegetable-derived indole-3-carbinol prevents coronavirus cell egression mechanisms in tracheal and intestinal 3D in vitro models.

The potential antiviral effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical found in Cruciferous vegetables, were investigated. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured on Alvetex® scaffolds, to obtain ad hoc 3D in vitro platforms able to mimic the trachea and intestinal mucosae, which represent the primary structures involved in the coronavirus pathogenesis. The two barriers generated in vitro were treated with various concentrations of I3C for different incubation periods. A protective effect of I3C on both intestinal and trachea models was demonstrated. A significant reduction in the transcription of the two main genes belonging to the Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT)-E3 ligase family members, namely NEDD4 E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (NEDD4) and WW Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (WWP1), which promote virus matrix protein ubiquitination and inhibit viral egression, were detected. These findings indicate I3C potential effect in preventing coronavirus cell egression processes that inhibit viral production. Although further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms whereby HECT family members control virus life cycle, this work paves the way to the possible therapeutic use of new natural compounds that may reduce the clinical severity of future pandemics.

Use of Virus-Mimicking Nanoparticles to Investigate Early Infection Events in Upper Airway 3D Models.

The current coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS-CoV-2), underscores the threat posed by newly emerging viruses. The understanding of the mechanisms driving early infection events, that are crucial for the exponential spread of the disease, is mandatory and can be significantly implemented generating 3D in vitro models as experimental platforms to investigate the infection substrates and how the virus invades and ravages the tissues.We here describe a protocol for the creation of a synthetic hydrogel-based 3D culture system that mimics in vitro the complex architectures and mechanical cues distinctive of the upper airway epithelia. We then expose the in vitro generated 3D nasal and tracheal epithelia to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) that display the typical shape and size distinctive of SARS-CoV-2 and of the majority of Coronaviridae presently known.The infection platform here described provides an efficient and highly physiological in vitro model that reproduces the host-pathogen early interactions, using virus-mimicking nanoparticles, and offers a flexible tool to study virus entry into the cell. At the same time, it reduces the risk of accidental infection/spillovers for researchers, which represents a crucial aspect when dealing with a virus that is highly contagious, virulent, and even deadly.